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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17:2602. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7177605/", "country_ids": [ "SRB" ], "coverage_domains": [ "authoritative_review", "hospital_organization", "market_structure", "observed_referral", "ownership", "patient_flows", "primary_care", "utilization" ], "display_status": "shown_in_full", "document_type": null, "evidence_mode": "observed", "excerpt": "Cross-Sectional Study from the National Health Survey 2013", "institution": "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health", "locator": { "locator_type": "xml_text_anchor", "source_word_anchor": "Cross-Sectional Study from the National Health Survey 2013", "source_word_count": 8 }, "material_id": "material:535dff38bc0192e6b78f63a3", "notes": [ "Do not generalize this older cardiovascular-disease sample to contemporary all-population referral, hospital or private-sector use." ], "origin": "country-evidence-improvement-sources", "period": "National Health Survey 2013; article published 2020", "publication_date": null, "publication_year": 2020, "record_kind": "country_improvement_source_lead", "record_kind_label": "Country Improvement Source Lead", "screening": { "previous_boundary_detected": false, "previous_visibility": "previously_not_projected" }, "source_layers": [ "research_literature" ], "source_system": null, "source_version": { "detected_media_type": "application/xml", "response_sha256": "00be662e29bb15d2580c0ad5fe1352e0c15e867cb2aa98f7f0a75bf62b43ebb8" }, "statement": "This cross-sectional study examines primary and specialist use among older cardiovascular-disease respondents in the 2013 National Health Survey. It cites average GP contacts, specialist referrals and hospital admissions from earlier survey context; it cannot establish a current all-population referral rate or causal effect.", "tags": [], "territory": "Serbia; adults aged 65 years or older with cardiovascular disease in the 2013 National Health Survey", "title": "Factors Associated with Utilization of Primary and Specialist Healthcare Services by Elderly Cardiovascular Patients in Serbia", "urls": [ { "kind": "url", "source": "not supplied", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7177605/" } ] }, { "analytical_mapping": {}, "annotation_status": "open", "authors": [], "availability": {}, "citation": "Mitričević S, Janković J, Stamenković Ž, et al. Factors Influencing Utilization of Preventive Health Services in Primary Health Care in the Republic of Serbia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18:3042. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7999125/", "country_ids": [ "SRB" ], "coverage_domains": [ "authoritative_review", "governance", "networks", "observed_referral", "patient_flows", "primary_care", "referral_design", "utilization" ], "display_status": "shown_in_full", "document_type": null, "evidence_mode": "observed", "excerpt": "included 149 independent PHC units", "institution": "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health", "locator": { "locator_type": "xml_text_anchor", "source_word_anchor": "included 149 independent PHC units", "source_word_count": 5 }, "material_id": "material:84577439411444fe6761399a", "notes": [ "Keep 2015 PHC-unit results distinct from current national utilization, referral completion or provider performance." ], "origin": "country-evidence-improvement-sources", "period": "National Health Insurance Fund and Statistical Office data for 2015", "publication_date": null, "publication_year": 2021, "record_kind": "country_improvement_source_lead", "record_kind_label": "Country Improvement Source Lead", "screening": { "previous_boundary_detected": false, "previous_visibility": "previously_not_projected" }, "source_layers": [ "research_literature" ], "source_system": null, "source_version": { "detected_media_type": "application/xml", "response_sha256": "a461064d687cba22ab54dbf51e86047a7ecdf38a53840dd82b9cdd6f696b94ac" }, "statement": "This descriptive study analysed 149 independent PHC units using 2015 administrative and statistical data. It reports associations with preventive-service provision and describes chosen physicians as first-contact gatekeepers, but does not measure contemporary specialist referral completion.", "tags": [], "territory": "Serbia; 149 independent primary-health-care units", "title": "Factors Influencing Utilization of Preventive Health Services in Primary Health Care in the Republic of Serbia", "urls": [ { "kind": "url", "source": "not supplied", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7999125/" } ] }, { "analytical_mapping": {}, "annotation_status": "open", "authors": [], "availability": {}, "citation": "European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, Richardson E. Health Systems in Action: Serbia, 2024 edition. WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2025. https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2121523/9789289059855-eng.pdf", "country_ids": [ "SRB" ], "coverage_domains": [ "actors", "authoritative_review", "autonomy", "decision_rights", "facility_data", "governance", "government_responsibilities", "hospital_organization", "market_structure", "networks", "observed_referral", "ownership", "patient_flows", "primary_care", "referral_design", "reform_history", "utilization" ], "display_status": "shown_in_full", "document_type": null, "evidence_mode": "reported", "excerpt": "The health system was recentralized in 2019", "institution": "WHO Regional Office for Europe and European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies", "locator": { "locator_type": "pdf_page_set_anchor", "source_word_anchor": "The health system was recentralized in 2019", "source_word_count": 7 }, "material_id": "material:3cd7f5686450a95d7e46f517", "notes": [ "Do not convert this profile's reported institutional arrangements into a current legal inventory, national performance claim, or patient-level pathway measure." ], "origin": "country-evidence-improvement-sources", "period": "2024 edition, published 2025; indicators and institutional descriptions use years stated in the report", "publication_date": null, "publication_year": 2025, "record_kind": "country_improvement_source_lead", "record_kind_label": "Country Improvement Source Lead", "screening": { "previous_boundary_detected": false, "previous_visibility": "previously_not_projected" }, "source_layers": [ "official" ], "source_system": null, "source_version": { "detected_media_type": "application/pdf", "file_sha256": "a69ffe6709d5b2c0034966b1c82d4f757b6b807a2f5187a3b95c9bebf39d20d2", "response_sha256": "a69ffe6709d5b2c0034966b1c82d4f757b6b807a2f5187a3b95c9bebf39d20d2" }, "statement": "The WHO and Observatory profile reports 2019 recentralization, Ministry of Health responsibility for organization and governance, NHIF purchasing, a state-owned PHC network with chosen-doctor referral, predominantly public hospitals, and out-of-pocket private use. These are dated system descriptions, not proof of current performance or every facility's practice.", "tags": [], "territory": "Republic of Serbia national health system; Kosovo is not separately mapped by this source", "title": "Health Systems in Action: Serbia, 2024 edition", "urls": [ { "kind": "url", "source": "not supplied", "url": "https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2121523/9789289059855-eng.pdf" } ] }, { "analytical_mapping": {}, "annotation_status": "open", "authors": [], "availability": {}, "citation": "Žarković M, Perros P, Ćirić J, et al. Health care access of thyroid disease patients in Serbia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2022;45:1099-1106. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8944403/", "country_ids": [ "SRB" ], "coverage_domains": [ "authoritative_review", "hospital_organization", "market_structure", "observed_referral", "ownership", "patient_flows", "primary_care", "utilization" ], "display_status": "shown_in_full", "document_type": null, "evidence_mode": "observed", "excerpt": "This survey included 206 respondents", "institution": "Journal of Endocrinological Investigation", "locator": { "locator_type": "xml_text_anchor", "source_word_anchor": "This survey included 206 respondents", "source_word_count": 5 }, "material_id": "material:62c7ae1fd41cd918f5624247", "notes": [ "Do not generalize this pandemic and condition-specific web survey to regular national delivery, referral completion or private-sector quality." ], "origin": "country-evidence-improvement-sources", "period": "COVID-19 pandemic survey period reported in the article", "publication_date": null, "publication_year": 2022, "record_kind": "country_improvement_source_lead", "record_kind_label": "Country Improvement Source Lead", "screening": { "previous_boundary_detected": false, "previous_visibility": "previously_not_projected" }, "source_layers": [ "research_literature" ], "source_system": null, "source_version": { "detected_media_type": "application/xml", "response_sha256": "15afc6d2e7d1dc8459c95435226da8c4381f508dca9a13c90cbc72852b579741" }, "statement": "In an anonymous web survey of 206 thyroid-disease respondents during COVID-19, many reported switching from public to private providers or laboratories. This pandemic-era, condition-specific convenience sample does not estimate normal national referral or private-service practice.", "tags": [], "territory": "Serbia; anonymous web-survey respondents with thyroid disease", "title": "Health care access of thyroid disease patients in Serbia during the COVID-19 pandemic", "urls": [ { "kind": "url", "source": "not supplied", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8944403/" } ] }, { "analytical_mapping": {}, "annotation_status": "open", "authors": [], "availability": {}, "citation": "Vlahovic Z, Radojkovic D. Healthcare in Serbia in transition period. EPMA Journal. 2010;1:601-606. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13167-010-0055-9.pdf", "country_ids": [ "SRB" ], "coverage_domains": [ "authoritative_review", "governance", "government_responsibilities", "hospital_organization", "market_structure", "ownership", "primary_care", "reform_history" ], "display_status": "shown_in_full", "document_type": null, "evidence_mode": "reported", "excerpt": "the Government and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia", "institution": "EPMA Journal", "locator": { "locator_type": "pdf_page_anchor", "physical_pdf_page": 1, "source_word_anchor": "the Government and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia", "source_word_count": 12 }, "material_id": "material:91e666d169746599bf85b4f4", "notes": [ "Use only as historical review context; verify any current statutory arrangement, provider ownership, financing rule or performance claim against a newer primary or official source." ], "origin": "country-evidence-improvement-sources", "period": "Transition-period review published in 2010; descriptive figures and policies refer to the years stated in the article, principally 2004-2009.", "publication_date": null, "publication_year": 2010, "record_kind": "country_improvement_source_lead", "record_kind_label": "Country Improvement Source Lead", "screening": { "previous_boundary_detected": false, "previous_visibility": "previously_not_projected" }, "source_layers": [ "review_literature" ], "source_system": null, "source_version": { "detected_media_type": "application/pdf", "file_sha256": "ca0e32fe8577d891f787acd6db6ff82ff63c2e14a5f193644e95af79218a3a67", "response_sha256": "ca0e32fe8577d891f787acd6db6ff82ff63c2e14a5f193644e95af79218a3a67" }, "statement": "This review describes Serbia's transition-period health system, including Ministry-led reform initiatives, public and private provision, hospital capacity and financing. It is historical review context and does not establish current provider ownership, performance, governance, or patient pathways.", "tags": [], "territory": "Serbia national health system", "title": "Healthcare in Serbia in transition period", "urls": [ { "kind": "url", "source": "not supplied", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13167-010-0055-9.pdf" } ] }, { "analytical_mapping": {}, "annotation_status": "open", "authors": [], "availability": {}, "citation": "World Bank. Republic of Serbia: Second Serbia Health Project, Project Appraisal Document. 2013. https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/969641468102535325/pdf/819240PAD0P129010Box382122B00OUO090.pdf", "country_ids": [ "SRB" ], "coverage_domains": [ "actors", "authoritative_review", "autonomy", "decision_rights", "facility_data", "governance", "government_responsibilities", "hospital_organization", "networks", "observed_referral", "patient_flows", "primary_care", "referral_design", "reform_history", "utilization" ], "display_status": "shown_in_full", "document_type": null, "evidence_mode": "formal", "excerpt": "The Health Insurance Fund is the main purchaser", "institution": "World Bank", "locator": { "locator_type": "pdf_page_set_anchor", "source_word_anchor": "The Health Insurance Fund is the main purchaser", "source_word_count": 8 }, "material_id": "material:d2eaacd37f8003aee7fb0976", "notes": [ "Treat all project components as formal proposals and baseline context, not evidence of their completion or present-day hospital autonomy." ], "origin": "country-evidence-improvement-sources", "period": "Project appraisal 2013; proposed interventions and baseline descriptions refer to the appraisal period", "publication_date": null, "publication_year": 2013, "record_kind": "country_improvement_source_lead", "record_kind_label": "Country Improvement Source Lead", "screening": { "previous_boundary_detected": false, "previous_visibility": "previously_not_projected" }, "source_layers": [ "grey_literature" ], "source_system": null, "source_version": { "detected_media_type": "application/pdf", "file_sha256": "c7f7648d171dc96ce66174428f7ae8e74f962fc77e2456f313400b7d980d91a1", "response_sha256": "c7f7648d171dc96ce66174428f7ae8e74f962fc77e2456f313400b7d980d91a1" }, "statement": "The appraisal identified the Health Insurance Fund as main purchaser, Ministry of Health policy leadership and Institute of Public Health planning and monitoring roles. It proposed DRG financing, management-autonomy and referral-system reforms; proposals do not show completed implementation.", "tags": [], "territory": "Serbia national public health system; project components identify selected hospitals and health centres", "title": "Second Serbia Health Project: Project Appraisal Document", "urls": [ { "kind": "url", "source": "not supplied", "url": "https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/969641468102535325/pdf/819240PAD0P129010Box382122B00OUO090.pdf" } ] }, { "analytical_mapping": {}, "annotation_status": "open", "authors": [], "availability": {}, "citation": "Nguyen HTH, Djukic P, Zajeganovic-Jakovljevic J, et al. Serbia: Toward a More Effective, Efficient, Equitable and Resilient Health System. World Bank; 2022. https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099056102282317093/pdf/P1787140d3c7c207d0b9f30eec4b5ae40bd.pdf", "country_ids": [ "SRB" ], "coverage_domains": [ "actors", "authoritative_review", "autonomy", "decision_rights", "facility_data", "governance", "hospital_organization", "market_structure", "networks", "ownership", "patient_flows", "primary_care", "referral_design", "reform_history", "utilization" ], "display_status": "shown_in_full", "document_type": null, "evidence_mode": "reported", "excerpt": "active regulation of the private service provision is lacking", "institution": "World Bank", "locator": { "locator_type": "pdf_page_set_anchor", "source_word_anchor": "active regulation of the private service provision is lacking", "source_word_count": 9 }, "material_id": "material:7057ff6b20e78e9b95a6dc95", "notes": [ "Do not recast recommended private-sector contracting or integrated oversight as current national practice." ], "origin": "country-evidence-improvement-sources", "period": "Assessment published 2022, using pre-pandemic and pandemic-era data as stated", "publication_date": null, "publication_year": 2022, "record_kind": "country_improvement_source_lead", "record_kind_label": "Country Improvement Source Lead", "screening": { "previous_boundary_detected": false, "previous_visibility": "previously_not_projected" }, "source_layers": [ "grey_literature" ], "source_system": null, "source_version": { "detected_media_type": "application/pdf", "file_sha256": "1d386f7f392ea1e11aed297cf071553afdb9bc47747b324f3fac96c101a728fd", "response_sha256": "1d386f7f392ea1e11aed297cf071553afdb9bc47747b324f3fac96c101a728fd" }, "statement": "The World Bank reports a comprehensive health network but hospital and inpatient orientation, high out-of-pocket private expenditure, and weak integrated oversight of public and private sectors. Its recommendations for network optimization, contracting and stewardship are proposed directions, not completed reforms.", "tags": [], "territory": "Serbia national system; indicator years vary by table and analysis", "title": "Serbia: Toward a More Effective, Efficient, Equitable and Resilient Health System", "urls": [ { "kind": "url", "source": "not supplied", "url": "https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099056102282317093/pdf/P1787140d3c7c207d0b9f30eec4b5ae40bd.pdf" } ] }, { "analytical_mapping": {}, "annotation_status": "open", "authors": [], "availability": {}, "citation": "Kuhlmann E, Falkenbach M, Brînzac MG, et al. Tackling the primary healthcare workforce crisis: time to talk about health systems and governance. Human Resources for Health. 2024;22:89. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686866/", "country_ids": [ "SRB" ], "coverage_domains": [ "actors", "authoritative_review", "autonomy", "decision_rights", "governance", "government_responsibilities", "networks", "primary_care", "reform_history" ], "display_status": "shown_in_full", "document_type": null, "evidence_mode": "reported", "excerpt": "Hierarchical centralised governance with the Ministry of Health", "institution": "Human Resources for Health", "locator": { "locator_type": "xml_text_anchor", "source_word_anchor": "Hierarchical centralised governance with the Ministry of Health", "source_word_count": 8 }, "material_id": "material:da3321293597de19e7bf92e1", "notes": [ "Use as comparative review context only; obtain statutory or provider-specific evidence before assigning staffing, financial or operational autonomy." ], "origin": "country-evidence-improvement-sources", "period": "Comparative assessment published 2024; country evidence periods vary", "publication_date": null, "publication_year": 2024, "record_kind": "country_improvement_source_lead", "record_kind_label": "Country Improvement Source Lead", "screening": { "previous_boundary_detected": false, "previous_visibility": "previously_not_projected" }, "source_layers": [ "research_literature" ], "source_system": null, "source_version": { "detected_media_type": "application/xml", "response_sha256": "e7bfe2c9f2eb545ae648832dd4d758b73434df3313b8c86797953a849c7d4605" }, "statement": "The comparative assessment characterizes Serbia as hierarchically centralized, with the Ministry of Health as key regulatory body and a Network Plan coordinating providers. Its compact country table is comparative context and does not establish decisions or workforce conditions for each facility.", "tags": [], "territory": "Serbia as one case in a nine-country WHO European Region comparative assessment", "title": "Tackling the primary healthcare workforce crisis: comparative assessment of nine WHO European Region countries", "urls": [ { "kind": "url", "source": "not supplied", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686866/" } ] }, { "analytical_mapping": {}, "annotation_status": "open", "authors": [], "availability": {}, "citation": "Mitrasevic M, Radovanovic S, Radevic S, et al. The Unmet Healthcare Needs: Evidence from Serbia. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2020;49:1927-1935. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7898096/", "country_ids": [ "SRB" ], "coverage_domains": [ "authoritative_review", "governance", "market_structure", "networks", "observed_referral", "ownership", "patient_flows", "primary_care", "referral_design", "utilization" ], "display_status": "shown_in_full", "document_type": null, "evidence_mode": "observed", "excerpt": "lack of financial resources, a long waiting time", "institution": "Iranian Journal of Public Health", "locator": { "locator_type": "xml_text_anchor", "source_word_anchor": "lack of financial resources, a long waiting time", "source_word_count": 8 }, "material_id": "material:07653396d897e53a2dc1986e", "notes": [ "Do not infer current national access performance, causal pathways or public-private comparative quality from this 2013 survey analysis." ], "origin": "country-evidence-improvement-sources", "period": "National Health Survey 2013 analysis, published 2020", "publication_date": null, "publication_year": 2020, "record_kind": "country_improvement_source_lead", "record_kind_label": "Country Improvement Source Lead", "screening": { "previous_boundary_detected": false, "previous_visibility": "previously_not_projected" }, "source_layers": [ "research_literature" ], "source_system": null, "source_version": { "detected_media_type": "application/xml", "response_sha256": "241f473f6c00f8adb38aa01b110f85dfa6f159cf8f1d684b3538737f850c25a1" }, "statement": "The national-survey analysis reports financial resources, waiting time and distance among common reasons for unmet health-care needs. Its results are self-reported 2013 survey evidence and do not quantify current referral failure or attribute access problems to a particular provider sector.", "tags": [], "territory": "Serbia national survey analysis", "title": "The Unmet Healthcare Needs: Evidence from Serbia", "urls": [ { "kind": "url", "source": "not supplied", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7898096/" } ] }, { "analytical_mapping": {}, "annotation_status": "open", "authors": [], "availability": {}, "citation": "World Health Organization. WHO Results Report 2024-2025: Serbia narratives. 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